Integrating Freight Distribution into Urban Rail Transit Networks: Hotspot and Accessibility Mapping in Greater Jakarta

Abstract

Urban freight transport in Jakarta remains heavily reliant on road-based networks, leading to severe traffic congestion and environmental degradation. Integrating freight distribution into existing passenger rail networks through Freight-on-Transit (FOT) concepts offers a sustainable alternative. This study aims to identify spatial urban freight demand hotspots within the Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area (Jabodetabek) and evaluate their accessibility to commuter rail (KRL) stations for potential logistics node development. Utilizing one-day parcel delivery transaction data, K-Means clustering was applied to isolate 20 distinct demand centroids across major urban corridors. A network-based shortest path analysis via the Open-Source Routing Machine (OSRM) was subsequently conducted to measure actual road-network distances and compute accessibility scores for each hotspot–station pair. The findings reveal significant spatial heterogeneity in logistics demand. Several stations within dense urban corridors, notably Stasiun Angke (Cluster 19) and Stasiun Sudirman (Cluster 5), exhibited the highest potential for rail-integrated logistics due to high demand concentration and close physical proximity of under 3.2 km. Conversely, suburban clusters showed lower feasibility due to substantial network distances. This study provides a practical decision-support framework combining spatial data analytics and infrastructure routing, offering valuable insights for logistics operators and policymakers in planning rail-based micro-consolidation depots to improve last-mile delivery efficiency.